IL10−/− mice infected with two Helicobacter species (IL10−/−I), namely a combination of Helicobacter typhlonius (H. typhlonius) and Helicobacter mastomyrinus (H. mastomyrinus; Supplementary Fig. 1a), developed colitis (Fig. 1a, b) and colonic tumors (Fig. 1c, Supplementary Fig. 1b). Here, IL10 is linked to colonic neoplasm.