CHL1 and neoplasm: Cross tabulation showed a significant association of increased systemic CHL1 levels and advanced tumor sizes (pT3 and pT4 compared to pT1 and pT2; p = 0.023), higher UICC classification (I and II versus II and IV, p = 0.021), and increased Fletcher score (very low and low risk compared to intermediate and high risk; p = 0.041).