CCN2 and Hepatic fibrosis: In another study, Silymarin, caffeine and their combinations significantly improved liver fibrosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA) by downregulating LPAR1, and downregulated α-SMA, CTGF and TGF-β1, suggesting that LPAR1 may promote the progress of liver fibrosis through α-SMA, CTGF and TGF-β1 130.