The frequent coexistence of vascular pathology and other neurodegenerative disorders, such as TDP-43 (e.g., frontotemporal dementia) and α-synuclein proteinopathy (e.g., Parkinson’s disease, Lewy body dementia, and multiple system atrophy), makes the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of AD more variable17. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is Lewy body dementia.