PPARGC1A and Duchenne muscular dystrophy: As in healthy muscle, the mechanisms leading to the protective effects of ApN/AdipoRon in DMD involved the activation of the AdipoR1-AMPK-SIRT1-PGC-1α axis both in vivo (mdx mice) or in vitro (human dystrophic myotubes) [56,57,103] (Figure 4).