Multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed after controlling for significant confounder (age), as shown in Table 3, and showed that only higher serum AFP levels and higher serum IL-13 levels were found to be directly related to HCC development (OR = 19.6, p < 0.001) and (OR = 1.9, p = 0.005), respectively. This evidence concerns the gene AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma.