DDIT3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: In our study, we demonstrate increased expression of the transcription factors ATF4 and CHOP (DDIT3), key elements of the eIF2α/ATF4 pathway, in liver biopsies from patients with HCV-related cirrhosis, but not in liver tumor tissue of patients with HCV-related HCC or liver tissue of non-HCV-related cirrhosis.