In contrast, after pretreatment with IFN-γ to mimic the inflammatory environment that develops during an in vivo infection, high pathogen loads only developed in Casp1/11−/− monolayers (Fig 4), indicating that both caspase-1 and caspase-11 exert potent antimicrobial responses within “inflamed” IECs. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and infection.