Together with our findings, this suggests that although caspase-1 is sufficient to protect naïve IECs, as the infection proceeds, host inflammatory responses upregulate caspase-11 expression in IECs, leading to increased caspase-11 activity; the combined efforts of these two caspases form a multilayered innate defense that controls intracellular Salmonella burdens and protects the host from pathogen attack. Here, CASP1 is linked to infection.