CCL2 and autoimmune disease: In the sample of the present study of prepubertal DS children characterized by restricted recruitment criteria as no use of drugs or chemicals, concomitant inflammatory, endocrine and autoimmune disorders, or diagnosed cardiovascular pathologies, we found a significant decrease in the serum levels of TNF-α, TGF-β, MCP-1, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12.