MSTN and hepatocellular carcinoma: Nishikawa et al. [54] measured serum myostatin levels in 198 LC patients, and the results showed that the overall survival rates of patients with high myostatin were significantly lower than those with low myostatin: 1-, 3-, 5-, and 7-year cumulative survival rates were 96.0%, 77.9%, 53.0%, and 39.1%, respectively, in the high myostatin group and 96.4%, 87.6%, 77.6%, and 73.2%, respectively, in the low myostatin group after excluding hepatocellular carcinoma patients at baseline.