HSPA1A and neoplasm: Hsp70-chaperoned tumor peptides can induce CD8-positive T cell mediated immune responses after cross-presentation of immunogenic tumor antigens on MHC class I molecules [34], whereas peptide-free Hsp70 in the context of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-2, can augment the cytolytic and migratory capacity of NK cells that recognize and kill remaining therapy-resistant mHsp70-positive tumor cells [16,21].