Results from our previous study have demonstrated that CD68+ inflammatory cells in the heart tissue of a hamster model of dilated cardiomyopathy are significantly decreased in the HMGB1 treated group compared with control group [11], which suggests that the HMGB1 fragment could not enhance inflammation compared with the full-length HMGB1 (Fig 1). Here, CD68 is linked to dilated cardiomyopathy.