ADIPOQ and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Adiponectin resistance, namely reduced biologic response to adiponectin in adiponectin-sensitizing tissues or cells, such as adipocytes, skeletal muscle, liver, the vasculature, and the heart [48–50], is closely associated with the development and progression of obesity, diabetes, inflammation, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases [51].