PANK1 and neurodegenerative disease: TCS studies of patients with neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), mostly pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) and membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) patients [23, 24], WD patients [8, 9, 25], and manganese-induced parkinsonism [26, 27] patients, have all shown TCS changes, probably due to iron, copper, and manganese accumulation.