TGFB1 and carcinoma: In aggressively growing carcinomas, EMT can be triggered by a set of microenvironment-derived factors, such as hormones, growth factors, cytokines, and other bioactive molecules, including platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), TGF-β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), interleukins 6 and 8 (IL6, IL8), C-X-C motif chemokine ligands 5, 7 and 12 (CXCL5, CXCL7, CXCL12), Tenascin C, hyaluronic acid, nitric oxide, and others (see Figure 1).