Additionally, in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, the GRP78/p-PEK/NRF2 signaling pathway was found to promote the Warburg effect (domination of glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation), being critical for the maintenance of both low ROS levels and the CSC-like phenotype in tumor-initiating cells [235]. This evidence concerns the gene HSPA5 and neoplasm.