Both brain-specific proteins (NSE & S100β) were increased in hypertensive patients in previous investigations and the serum NSE concentration is a useful biomarker for predicting subclinical brain damage, such as white matter lesions and future vascular events related to the CNS (stroke, TIA, vascular headache, or migraine) in patients with hypertension (48, 49). The gene discussed is S100B; the disease is transient ischemic attack.