Nonetheless, this study allowed us to identify validated pathways that were specifically regulated by MSC-EVs which include: apoptosis, TGFβ, FAS, and P53 signalling pathways amongst others that have been reported to play a role in CKD (Chung and Lan, 2015; Kholia et al., 2018; Black et al., 2019; Grange et al., 2019b). Here, TP53 is linked to chronic kidney disease.