Along the same line, in our model of AAN, intoxication with AA induced an influx of inflammatory cells (CD45 positive cells) and myofibroblast activation (FSP-1 positive cells, and α-SMA staining) in the renal interstitium, which was alleviated by HLSC-EV treatment (Kholia et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene S100A4 and Balkan nephropathy.