For instance, IS induces uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and increased expression and activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, leading to increased levels of ROS and endothelial dysfunction in patients with CKD (Yu et al., 2011; Daenen et al., 2019). The gene discussed is NOS3; the disease is endothelial dysfunction.