TGFB1 and cancer: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells recruited into TME mainly from adipose tissue and bone marrow in response to several growth factors, i.e., platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) as well as EVs released by cancer cells (8).