Alistipes and Prevotella decreased in NAFLD compared with healthy subjects, and this change was accompanied by a downregulation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, an upregulation of TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, irregularly arranged microvilli, and widened tight junctions in gut mucosa (Jiang et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.