Moreover, we recently described that mice deficient for c-Rel subunit, which can exert pro-survival effects (Pizzi et al., 2002; Sarnico et al., 2009b), develop a PD-like motor and non-motor phenotype characterized by progressive brain α-syn accumulation and early synaptic changes preceding the frank loss of nigrostriatal neurons (Baiguera et al., 2012; Parrella et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene REL and Parkinson disease.