To assess whether inflammation and microglia activation accompany the onset and the progression of such PD-like pathology, we investigated the expression of cytokines and microglia/macrophage activation markers, together with microglial ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1) and astrocyte glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity, in the substantia nigra of c-Rel-deficient mice at both premotor and motor phase (Porrini et al., 2017). The gene discussed is REL; the disease is Parkinson disease.