CCL2 and neoplasm: Lastly, after the purified tumour-infiltrating PMN-MDSCs were cultured for 24 h in vitro, cells from the HSD group expressed more TNF-α and ICAM-1 and less prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Arg1, CCL2 and CCL5 than those from the NSD group (Supplementary Fig. 10c, d).