To study whether ALS- and FTD-U-linked TDP-43 inclusions affect cAMP and Ca2+ signaling, we monitored NA-induced changes in [cAMP]i and [Ca2+]i using real-time confocal microscopy and genetically encoded FRET-based cAMP nanosensor Epac1-camps53 or Fluo-4 AM dye, respectively, in astrocytes expressing WT (RFP-TDP-43wt) or mutant TDP-43 pDNA construct (RFP-TDP-43208–414; Figs. 3 and 4 and Online resource 1, Fig. S1). Here, TARDBP is linked to frontotemporal dementia.