To determine which cell type contributed to the upregulations of three CAMs (E-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1) following CIS, dual-IF was performed on frozen sections of ischemic hemisphere taken from 2 days post-ischemia, using antibodies specific for E-selectin/VCAM-1/ICAM-1(Cy-3), the endothelial-specific marker CD31 (AlexaFluor-488), and microglial markerMac-1 (AlexaFluor-488) or E-selectin/VCAM-1/ICAM-1(AlexaFluor-488), and astrocyte marker GFAP (Cy-3). Here, GFAP is linked to ischemia.