Of interest, a fraction of E-selectin/VCAM-1/ICAM-1 expression co-localized with KLF4 in the ischemic hemisphere at days 2 post-ischemia, but the distribution patterns of their expressions were different, where the high levels of KLF4 were expressed, relatively low levels of E-selectin/VCAM-1/ICAM-1 were expressed on the cerebral blood vessels in the ischemic hemisphere, and vice versa (Fig. 4d). Here, KLF4 is linked to ischemia.