Similar to the present review, IL-6 [38], IL-8 [38], IL-10 [38, 39], IP-10 [38], MCP-1 [38], TNF-α [40, 41] and VEGF [39] were found to be elevated in DHF, a condition common to almost all endemic settings for leptospirosis. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and leptospirosis.