In this study we demonstrate for the first time that the adverse prognostic impact of TAMs on survival is checkpoint dependent, and more specifically PD-L1 and IDO-1 expression-dependent; high content of PD-L1+ and IDO-1+ TAMs in pretreatment tumor samples translates to poor survival in patients treated with standard chemo- and radiotherapy. The gene discussed is IDO1; the disease is neoplasm.