In breast carcinoma, brain tumor: glioblastoma, glioma, kidney-related carcinomas, HNSCC, cholangiocarcinoma, stomach, esophageal, and uterine carcinomas, CXCR4 shows significantly higher mRNA expression levels in cancer cells compared to normal counterparts (Figure 1b). This evidence concerns the gene CXCR4 and glioblastoma.