TGFB1 and cancer: It should be underlined that several various signaling pathways (i.e., MAPK, PI3K/Akt signaling pathways), transcription factors (i.e.,TWIST1, Snail, Slug, ZEB1/2), and cytokines (i.e., VEGF, TGFβ) may be involved in the migration and invasiveness of cancer cells [22].