TGFB1 and cancer: Among the top 20 signaling pathways characterized by the highest statistical significance, many cancer-related pathways were present, for example: sumoylation, STAT3 (Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), PI3K/AKT (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B), HIPPO, PTEN (Phosphatase and tensin homolog), TGF-β (Transforming growth factor beta), integrin signaling, and cell cycle regulation via the G1/S checkpoint (Figure 4D).