Of the traditional risk factors, age and hypertension, and among lupus-associated risk factors, all aPL, except those of IgM isotype, complement degradation products PC4d and C3dg, measures of renal involvement (nephritis ever) and impaired renal function, sVCAM-1 and prednisolone treatment, were all associated with vascular events. This evidence concerns the gene CD40LG and nephritis.