HVEM controls both inflammatory and inhibitory responses through its complex interactions with multiple stimulatory ligands and inhibitory receptors and bidirectional signaling.8, 33 Unlike many other ICPs, mHVEM is constitutively expressed on immune cells and nonhematopoietic cells.7 HVEM also exists as a soluble form in the circulation.34 Preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that dysregulation of the HVEM network contributes to multiple inflammatory and infectious diseases.33, 35, 36, 37 Currently, the expression pattern and roles of the HVEM axis in AH pathogenesis are unknown. This evidence concerns the gene TNFRSF14 and infectious disease.