TGFB1 and diabetes mellitus: DM may lead to the production and release of various inflammatory markers, such as transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and nuclear transcription factors-kappa B (NF-κB), predominantly, vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) [5, 6].