In addition, the use of another humanized monoclonal antibody, Fresolimumab that inhibits all three isoforms of TGF-β, also fails to achieve the endpoints of proteinuria reduction in patients with FSGS (Trachtman et al., 2011; Vincenti et al., 2017), demonstrating targeting on the upstream of TGF-β signaling may not be a good therapeutic strategy for CKD. Here, TGFB1 is linked to chronic kidney disease.