In a word, in this study we investigated the relationship between the rs1059057 gene polymorphism of SP-A1 and the RDS of Mongolian very premature infants in western Inner Mongolia, and found that the gene polymorphism of SP-A1 (rs1059057) was not related to the incidence of RDS in Mongolian very premature infants in western Inner Mongolia. This evidence concerns the gene SFTPA1 and newborn respiratory distress syndrome.