TLR4 and atherosclerosis: According to Hiromura M et al. [86], the dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitor teneligliptin competes with CD26 in terms of its binding to caveolin-1, indicating that caveolin-1 is targeted by DPP-4 inhibitors to suppress TLR4-mediated inflammation in mouse and human macrophages, implying that it is a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.