Membrane proteins present onnon-modified exosomes can have multiple beneficial therapeutic effects: CD9 expression canpromote osteoblast fusion and bone healing34; 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) can exert a cardio-protectiveeffect by attenuating pro-inflammatory TLR4 signaling47,49; and SCAMP5 can promote α-synuclein clearance to attenuatedneurotoxic α-synuclein aggregation associated with neurodegenerative disease.51 This evidence concerns the gene SCAMP5 and neurodegenerative disease.