In the United States, for the period of 1999-2010, the estimated hazard ratio for those with vs without diabetes, aged 34 to 80 years old, was 2.0 (95% CI = 1.75-2.28) for self-reported diabetes and 1.88 (95% CI = 1.63-2.16) for diabetes diagnosed by HbA1c criteria or self-reported use of an oral hypoglycemic agent or insulin [22]. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.