CASP3 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In addition, western blot analysis showed that the BAX and caspase-3 expression significantly increased in the kidney of T2DM rats compared to the normal rats (P < 0.01); however, they were both downregulated after eight weeks of HSYA treatment (Figures 5(b)–5(d)) (vs. Mod P < 0.05).