In in vitro and in vivo models of depression, BDNF was shown to improve depressive-like behavior by upregulating anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, IL-4, and TGF-β1 and downregulating the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, IL-17, and TNF-α [40]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is depressive symptom measurement.