VEGFA and colonic neoplasm: In a colon cancer experiment, the researchers found that MSCs that received the treatment of cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-γ) appeared effective enhancers of angiogenesis and ascribed the outcome to increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion in MSCs as a consequence of hypoxia-induced factor 1α (HIF-1α) signaling [44].