Finally, while additional preclinical experiments with G-CSF are needed (e.g., other drugs of abuse, animal models of dependence), complementary pharmacological manipulations (e.g., G-CSF neutralizing antibodies, G-CSF-R agonists/antagonists) may also provide a deeper insight into the applicability of this pathway as a viable target for treating drug addiction and other psychiatric disorders. Here, CSF3 is linked to psychiatric disorder.