When comparing these patient groups, however, highly significant differences were seen in CSF for interferon‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐8, IL‐10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), IL‐7, IL‐12/IL‐23p40, IL‐17A, macrophage inflammatory protein‐1β and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), indicating that such biomarkers may be used individually—or preferably in combination—to differentiate patients with MS + CIS from SC + RIS (see also Figure 4). Here, VEGFA is linked to in situ carcinoma.