TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Interventions with corticosteroids and/or other anti-inflammatory drugs such as the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib, which causes the reduction of the brain levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1β (Osman et al. 2016), however, were found ineffective in experimental ALS-like animals and/or ALS patients (Galbiati et al. 2012; Collins and Bowser 2017; Crisafulli et al. 2018).