A single genomic study, performed on African patients from Malawi, recapitulated patterns of gene mutations and copy number changes (gains of CCND1, TP63, MYC, ERBB2, EGFR, MYCL1 and losses of CDKN2A/CDKN2B), similar to those observed in Asian and North American ESCC patients [16]. Here, CCND1 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.