Nonetheless, a significantly increased presence of TSPO in astrocytes was determined in AD, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and even in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), further supported by enhanced ligand binding of astrocyte-specific tracers, such as 11C-PIB and 11C-DED (full name: deuterium-l-deprenyl) (reviewed by [38]). Here, TSPO is linked to Alzheimer disease.