PTEN and prostate carcinoma: Besides genomic alterations of PTEN, which are frequently observed only in certain cancer types, such as prostate cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, and uterine cancer28,29, post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, acetylation, oxidation, SUMOylation, PARylation, and arginine methylation also contribute to the loss of PTEN in many cancer types10,21,29–32.