In ALS patients, relative count of pro-inflammatory Th1 (CD3 + CD4 + IFN-gamma +) cells significantly increased (p < 0.001) whereas anti-inflammatory Th2 (CD3 + CD4 + IL-4 +) cells significantly decreased (p < 0.05), which led to an increase of Th1/Th2 ratio (p < 0.001) (Fig. 1J–L). Here, CD4 is linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.