STING1 and neoplasm: Currently, the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center has two vaccinia-based vectors: (1) recombinant MVA that expresses a non-replicative, safe immune activator, activates multiple innate immune pathways (including cGAS/STING), and can be used for intratumoral injection as a monotherapy or in combination with ICIs; (2) an oncolytic vaccinia platform that is replication-competent, has the capability to express large proteins (e.g., antibodies against immune checkpoint molecules), enhances anti-tumor activity and reduces immune-related toxicities.