Miura et al. have shown that proinflammatory cytokines and receptors including the C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) derived from Kupffer cells all contribute to the progression of NASH and to the development of HCC in the CDAA diet-induced NASH model [6,7,8,9]. Here, TNF is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.