VIP and inflammatory bowel disease: Evidence of increased expression of VIP following inflammation was found in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis [61], Crohn’s disease [62,63], gastric ulcer [2], diabetes [44], dextran sodium sulphate-induced colitis in rats [64], guinea-pig TNBS colitis [65], Helicobacter pylori infection [66], and axotomy [19].